Projects

Problem Statement

Rig tension has a measurable impact on sailboat performance, particularly on smaller, more sensitive platforms like the Melges 15. Optimal tension is a function of wind speed, sea state, and course length — variables that can shift meaningfully within a single race or across a regatta. Conventional turnbuckle adjustment requires a wrench or tool-based operation, making on-the-water tension changes slow enough that most sailors simply don't make them, leaving performance on the table. The goal was a mechanism fast enough to use mid-race without compromising holding strength or reliability under load.

Design Approach

The adjuster uses a two-handle architecture: an upper handle and a lower handle, coupled by an internal spring that holds three reinforced locking teeth engaged by default. This passive engagement means the mechanism defaults to locked and requires deliberate action to release — eliminating any risk of unintended loosening under sailing loads. To adjust, the operator pulls the top handle to disengage the teeth, then rotates the bottom handle to set tension; releasing the top handle re-engages the lock automatically. This converts what is normally a multi-step, tool-required process into a single continuous motion.

Engineering Considerations

• The lock/unlock cycle allows adjustments up to 5x faster than conventional wrench-based turnbuckles, making real-time tuning viable in variable conditions

• Spring-loaded tooth engagement was chosen over friction-based (e.g., Velcro-style) locking for higher holding force and more consistent long-term performance under cyclic loading

• Twist-grip geometry on both handles was developed for confident manual actuation under load, including in wet or high-intensity conditions

• Material selection (PETG with 304 stainless hardware) was driven by UV and corrosion resistance requirements specific to marine environments

• Geometry was developed to avoid snag points, reducing risk of line or clothing interference during operation

• Designed for drop-in compatibility with the Melges 15's existing sidestay system, requiring no modification to the boat itself

Technical Accomplishments

• Iterative Design Development: Refined the assembly through 15+ design cycles, using 3D-printed functional prototypes to validate mechanical fit and ergonomic feel at each stage

• Advanced Parametric Modeling: Built an equation-driven architecture with 20+ global variables and 50+ linked equations, enabling rapid geometric iteration despite highly interdependent internal geometry

• Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM): Optimized part geometry for FFF production, using self-supporting angles and strategic print orientation to maximize structural integrity while minimizing material use

• Failure Mode Analysis: Identified and addressed key failure points — tooth shear and spring fatigue — through targeted design redundancy

• Human-System Interface (HSI) & Ergonomics: Developed high-grip contact surfaces and visual indexing cues to support fast, repeatable operation under race conditions

• Material & Hardware Integration: Selected PETG and 304 stainless steel for chemical compatibility and long-term durability in marine environments

Overview

Designed and prototyped a lightweight, handheld wing sail designed to propel a skateboarder, providing an alternative land-based wind sport during the winter months when water sports are inaccessible.

Preliminary Requirements

• Rigid Wing Construction: Prioritized a rigid frame over inflatable structures, which are highly susceptible to puncture and wear on abrasive land surfaces (asphalt/concrete).

• Passive Aerodynamic Stability: Optimized the wing geometry for intuitive, stable handling to ensure the rider can maintain control while actively balancing on a skateboard.

• Target Sail Area (3-4 m2): Balanced the low rolling resistance of a skateboard against potential terrain challenges (e.g., inclines, headwinds). A larger surface area offers greater operational flexibility across variable weather conditions.

• Strict Constraints: Heavy focus on minimizing overall weight for user endurance and maintaining a low-cost, accessible budget.

Material Selection & Component Design

• Handle (1" Carbon Fiber Paddle Shaft): Repurposed component providing a high strength-to-weight ratio with an ergonomic diameter for prolonged grip comfort.

• Frame (PEX Piping): Chosen for its excellent impact resistance, affordability, availability, and ease of cold-forming or manual manipulation.

• Connectors (3D-Printed PETG): Brackets were modeled in Autodesk Fusion 360 using Form Modeling and Generative Design to optimize load path efficiency and minimize printed mass. PETG was selected for superior layer adhesion and impact resistance compared to PLA.

• Sail Skin (Heavy-Duty Polyethylene Tarp): Completely windproof, high tensile strength, and low mechanical stretch. Affordable and easy to cut.

Structural Framework Logic

The wing framework leverages varied material stiffness to achieve dynamic aerodynamic stability:

• Leading Edge (¾” PEX): Provides a rigid structural spine and robust sail mounting surface. Concentrating mass forward optimizes the wing's center of gravity for better handling.

• Center Chord (½” PEX): Holds the pre-bent curve of the leading edge. Its flexibility allows it to deform intentionally under wind load, forcing the wingtips outward to increase the dihedral angle for passive stability.

Sail Integration & Fabrication

• Leading Edge Attachment: Relief cuts were made along the perimeter of the tarp to allow the material to conform smoothly to the curved frame. The edge was folded over the ¾” PEX pipe and secured back to the sail using high-strength tape.

• Aft Tensioning: The aft corner of the sail was anchored to the center chord terminus using the same wrap-and-tape method to establish baseline skin tension.

• Free Trailing Edge: The trailing edge was left completely unsupported. This mirrors conventional windsurf and wing-foil geometry, allowing the sail to twist and spill excess wind efficiently.